Specifically, early T effector cells (ETE) from sarcoidosis patients had significant downregulation of TCR signaling (labeled “SLE T cell signaling pathway” here) and ICOS-ICOSL signaling, as well as PI3K/AKT, ERK/MAPK, NFAT, ERBB2 (TOB), sirtuin, and mTOR signaling (Figure 2D), relative to controls. Here, ICOS is linked to sarcoidosis.