HMGB1 and Sepsis: Additionally, pathways more recently found to play a role in monocyte activation, such as HMGB1 (29) and ephrin receptor (30) signaling, were also upregulated along with IL-3 signaling, previously associated with models of sepsis and two prototypical autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (31).