Well-known prostate cancer-associated genes such as PCA3, TMPRSS2, and CST3 were found to be upregulated in urinary sediment RNA from the higher-risk cancer group compared to those lower-risk group (Groskopf et al., 2006; Yu et al., 2010; Ito et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene TMPRSS2 and prostate cancer.