Continuous exposure to IL-1, in association with IL-6, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and IFNs (interferons), may promote genomic instability and induce a pre-leukemic stage via continuous proliferation, bone marrow niche dysfunction and exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS), that drive myeloid malignancies such AML (54). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and acute myeloid leukemia.