Moreover, all identified cancer-related signaling pathways (Wnt, TGF-β, STAT, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt) have previously been shown to be associated with breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer (Dhillon et al., 2007; Massagué, 2008; Pencik et al., 2016; Zhan et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2020). Here, TGFB1 is linked to colorectal cancer.