TGFB1 and schistosomiasis: Some of these mechanisms are shared with other PH models, as blocking TGF-β signaling is also protective in hypoxia-exposed mice and monocrotaline-exposed rats (109, 113, 124, 125): TGF-β signaling may represent a final common pathway in PH pathogenesis, which is activated by different routes such as Type 2 inflammation activating TSP-1 in schistosomiasis.