Assessment of cytokine milieu can be misleading towards the assessment of macrophage dynamics due to unexpectedly high systemic presence of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1Rα) during initial phases of certain infections, the short half-life of cytokine, and certain infection location in tissue may not be conducive for the collection of regional samples (31, 32). This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and infection.