Treatment with proteasome inhibitor significantly inhibited the release of IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, MIP-1β (i.e. CCL4), and KC (i.e. CXCL1) at their peak time-points in Balb/c mice after infection with the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.