Testing combinations of various cytokines in T cell culture media revealed that tumor antigen specific CD4+ T cell growth was improved by culturing in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, and TGFβ, and that the addition of TGFβ was critical for the improved performance of the cocktail (27). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.