IRS1 and hydrops fetalis: It is suggested that the upregulation of PTP1B protein will inhibit IRS phosphorylation, resulting in decreased P-IRS1 expression, a decrease in the expression of HIF-1α, and inhibition of downstream glycolysis; at the same time, it can also cause decreased expression of Nrf2, leading to increased levels of oxidative stress in the body, promoting the occurrence of HF through energy metabolism and oxidative stress.