CXCL1 and COVID-19: Concordantly, for downstream genes of AP-1, the expression levels of some chemokine genes (e.g., CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10) were downregulated, while the expression levels of immune negative regulation genes (e.g. BCL3, NFKBIA, SOCS3, and TNFAIP3) were upregulated during the COVID-19 recovery (Fig. 5b).