RHOA and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Recent studies further demonstrated the close association of RhoA signaling with the pro-inflammatory TNF-α/NF-kB signaling [33], and we recently found that RhoA expression is co-activated with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in both skeletal and cardiac muscle of DMD mice demonstrating that RhoA activation is associated with chronic inflammation in dystrophic muscle [9, 10].