For example, TPL2 promotes Helicobacter pylori-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and IL-8 expression, which prevents bacterial infection (36); TPL2 promotes innate cell recruitment and effector T-cell differentiation to limit Citrobacter rodentium burden and dissemination (37); and TPL2 can promote the production of IL-1β, which is essential for host defense against Listeria monocytogenes (38). Here, IL1B is linked to bacterial infectious disease.