Afucosylated IgG, together with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand, enhanced IL-6 production from macrophages in vitro, particularly when using afucosylated and highly galactosylated IgG, as is found prominently in the ARDS patients (Fig. 3N and figs. Here, TLR3 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.