These findings are of major importance for all studies related the role of cholinergic / parasympathetic nervous system in cancer, since all components of the cholinergic system (ACh, acetylcholinesterase, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, acetylcholine transferase) are not exclusively expressed by neurons but ubiquitously present in almost all mammalian cells, including non-neuronal cells [8]. Here, ACHE is linked to cancer.