INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: After that pioneering study, the same authors found that CSN resection normalized systemic sympathetic nervous system activity, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and reversed weight gain induced by high-energy diets in prediabetes and early type 2 diabetes animals models (Sacramento et al. 2017), and in models of obesity (Melo et al. 2019) by improving glucose uptake by the liver and perienteric adipose tissue (Sacramento et al. 2017).