Furthermore, after LVAD implantation, the circulatory levels of inflammation mediators (e.g., increased IL6 and IL8), the macrophage activation (e.g., increased levels of macrophage-1 antigen expression), and the adaptive immune cell deactivation (e.g., increased T-cell apoptosis and defective T-cell response to pathogens) increased and were associated to the worst prognosis of HF patients [50]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and hydrops fetalis.