In this case, synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, which induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways such as the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathway, are also necessary to provoke progressive loss of neurons and synapses, brain atrophy, and augmentation of brain ventricles [20,21,22,23,24,25]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to Brain atrophy.