The upregulation of OX40 has been investigated as an early predictor of response to CpG-ODN, with increased uptake of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe affixed to an antibody for OX40 seen with CpG-ODN treatment in a model of hepatocellular carcinoma [84]. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF4 and hepatocellular carcinoma.