IL4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We observed that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels were significantly higher before the start of the DAA treatment in serum from patients who later developed HCC than in controls (IL-4: 14.1 ± 5.5 vs. 5.8 ± 0.6 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.0014; IL-13: 5.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.4 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.0038) and stayed higher at each subsequent time point; Figure 1b.