In T1D, elevated expression of CD57 and CD95 has been described in β islet cell–specific CD8+ T cells of patients with newly diagnosed T1D compared with healthy controls, and these cells are present in subjects with higher levels of C-peptide (49), raising the possibility that these cells participate in a protective, rather than pathogenic, role. This evidence concerns the gene B3GAT1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.