TGFB1 and cancer: Examples come from multiple cancer types: colorectal cancer, where EVs transfer mutated β-catenin to modulate Wnt signaling and enhance tumor growth [72]; gastric cancer, where EV-mediated TGF-β transfer and subsequent activation of the TGF-β/Smad pathway assists in the formation of metastatic niches [73]; and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, where EVs with enhanced levels of HIF1α increase the migration and invasion of tumor cells [74].