GAL and Anxiety: Because of the well-established role for LC-derived galanin in anxiety-like behavior (Holmes and Picciotto 2006; Sciolino et al., 2012; Weinshenker and Holmes 2016), robust PSAM-induced firing of LC neurons that produces aversion (Hirschberg et al., 2017) may be related to co-release of galanin or other co-transmitters in this circuit.