TGFB1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Besides, AGEs can bind to RAGE receptors on the cell surface to activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as AGEs-RAGE, NF-κB, and AGEs-RAGE-TGFβ1, leading to release various chemokines and growth factors, proliferate glomerular mesangial cells, and abduct podocyte apoptosis; these eventually aggravate DN [41, 42].