TNF and atrial fibrillation: To assess genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), DNA extraction was performed from lone AF, CMS, AF + CMS, and control patients whose clinical data is described in Table 1.