JUN and cardiac hypertrophy: Cardiac hypertrophy, a phenomenon observed with many forms of human heart disease including diabetic cardiomyopathy, results in an increase in protein synthesis, addition of sarcomeres and fetal genes re-expression such as myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and GATA-1 and activation of early response genes, such as c-jun, c-fos, and c-myc etc. In hypertrophic conditions, various signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, tyrosine kinase Src, GTP-binding protein Ras, protein kinase C, phosphoinositol 3-kinase are involved (29) (Figure 1).