Studies have shown that malaria GPI is sensed by TLRs on the surface of macrophages or DCs, mainly through the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimers and TLR4 (Krishnegowda et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2009). Here, TLR4 is linked to malaria.