TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: In AD-HIES, an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 responses, decreased production/expression of IFN-γ and relatively increased level/expression of IL-4, defects in IFN-γ and IL-12 signaling pathways, insufficient expression of some chemokines and adhesion molecules have been described and decreased expression of TGF-β and IFN-γ mRNA in circulating activated T-cells [45, 46].