LPA and chronic kidney disease: Relying on this principle we define a set of 121 genes that are associated with CAD and CKD and are jointly detected by cFDR and GPA to be pleiotropic genes (Supplementary Table 12 and Figure 3D), among which five (i.e., IGF2R, LPA, BCAS3, SLC22A2, and ATXN2) were identified in previous studies (Supplementary Table 1).