Humoral and cell-mediated immunity showed a higher CXCL 8/IL-8 secretion and a lower Granzyme-B expression, which was consistent with previous studies reporting that females typically generate higher humoral antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccines while the males sustain longer-lasting seroprotective antibody titers (50, 66, 67). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and influenza.