Actually, it has been reported that intra amniotic inflammation per se is associated with APO even in the absence of microorganisms; intrauterine colonization in the absence of inflammation appears to be relatively benign, but the presence of infection also seems to be related to the presence of inflammation, especially to increased levels of IL-6 that are related to increasing numbers of bacteria (Combs et al., 2014). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is infection.