INS and Insulin resistance: MOA-trigonelline has been used to treat hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and diabetic auditory neuropathy (Oldoni et al., 2019); MOA-benzylamine decreased weight gain, fasting plasma glucose, and TC and increased glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant C57BL/6 mice (Iffiú-Soltész et al., 2010).