In addition, several drugs indicated for multiple myeloma or leukemia, including daratumumab (anti-CD38 antibody) (Blacher et al., 2015), dasatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) (Zhang et al., 2019), lenalidomide (thalidomide analog; TNF-alpha inhibitor) (He et al., 2013), and sargramostim (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulator) (Kiyota et al., 2018), have been explored for efficacy in AD, based on their immunomodulatory properties assessed in cellular or animal models of AD (Ihara and Saito, 2020). Here, TNF is linked to plasma cell myeloma.