One prospective study showed that early gut colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in the presence of L. rhamnosus GG is associated with decreased production of IL-4 and IL-10 at two years of age compared to S. aureus alone, suggesting that L. rhamnosus GG exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing S. aureus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and may modulate the immune responses and the risk of asthma [128]. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and asthma.