More specifically, the infection and CagA positivity have been shown to increase levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which can lead to the formation of oxidative DNA damage, most notably generation of 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxo-G) and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (AP-sites), as well as DNA strand breaks and bulky DNA adducts [21,22,23,24,25]. Here, S100A8 is linked to infection.