VDAC1 and epilepsy: Bax promoted the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytosol in refractory epilepsy neurons (62.8% ± 6.1% and 128.5% ± 3.1%, respectively), which was also inhibited in refractory epilepsy neurons with the loss function of VDAC1 (mitochondria 80.5% ± 4.2% and cytosol 113.8% ± 5.1%, respectively, P < 0.05) (Figure 5b).