CYCS and epilepsy: Bcl-2 inhibited the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytosol in refractory epilepsy neurons (115.0% ± 8.2% and 75.0% ± 8.2%, respectively, P < 0.05), which was strengthened in refractory epilepsy neurons with the loss function of VDAC1 (mitochondria 125.0% ± 8.2% and cytosol 49.0% ± 8.2%, respectively, P < 0.05) (Figure 5e).