CD123 (IL-3Rα) is an IL-3 receptor that promotes cell proliferation in response to IL-3 and is overexpressed in many hematologic malignancies, including AML.366 Its expression on normal hematopoietic cells has been characterized as low to absent and it has been identified as a unique marker on both on LSCs and AML bulk cells, making it an appropriate target for immunotherapies.367 CD123 expression is correlated with failure to achieve remission and worse overall prognosis368,369 and thus has been extensively studied as an immunotherapeutic target in AML. The gene discussed is IL3RA; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.