MAPK1 and endometrial cancer: In the endometrial cancer cell lines An3Ca, SK-UT2, and Ishikawa, leptin regulates the expression of pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF, IL-1β, LIF, and their respective receptors through the activation of JAK2-PI3K-ERK-mTOR, in addition to expressing higher levels of the leptin receptor (ObR-b and short isoforms) in endometrial cancer cells compared to benign primary endometrial cells [206].