NFKB1 and neoplasm: This study also showed that fucoidan-related MMP-9 expression was mediated by activator protein (AP)-1 and NF-κB binding activity, and that treatment with wortmannin, a PI3K-specific inhibitor, abolished tumor suppressive effects by regulating MMP-9, NF-κB, and AP-1 in fucoidan-treated cells [26].