PTGS2 and Parkinson disease: Curcumin also exerts neuroprotective effects on lumbar radiculopathy by reducing COX-2 and IL-6 expression in TNF-α-induced dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuroinflammation [99] and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced PD model by significantly preventing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-1α), iNOS, and NF-κB activation [100].