AR and posterior cortical atrophy: Since other cells (e.g., leukocytes and endothelial cells) in the human body also express low levels of AR transcripts that may be potentially processed into circ-AR3 and released into the circulation system, we have further demonstrated that the detectable circ-AR3 in plasma is originated from the prostate or PCa tissues, since it became undetectable after patients received prostatectomy (Luo et al., 2019).