ATR and infection: It has indeed been shown that infection with Salmonella carrying a functional typhoid toxin results in DSBs (γH2AX foci formation), re-localization of DNA repair proteins (e.g., RPA and NBS1) at the site of DNA damage, the activation of the ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 signaling pathways, the activation of p53 and synthesis of its transcriptional target p21 and finally the induction of senescence and apoptosis (Weitzman and Weitzman, 2014; Grasso and Frisan, 2015; Taieb et al., 2016; Martin and Frisan, 2020).