C3 and pancreatic neoplasm: To discover whether some other microbial mechanisms related to pancreatic cancer exist, besides changes in immune status (Pushalkar et al., 2018), Berk Aykut et al. observed that activation of the mannose-binding lectin–C3 cascade through the C3 complement pathway might cause inflammation induced by the oncogenic Kras, leading to fungal dysbiosis and promoting tumor progression.