Two groups have independently observed the “clonotype replacement” phenomenon following responsive anti-PD-1 treatment in skin cancer patients: clonotypes expanded after PD-1 blockade were different from the pre-existing clonotypes identified from the pre-treatment TME, suggesting limited reinvigoration capacity of the majority pre-existing T cells in the TME (Sade-Feldman et al., 2018; Yost et al., 2019). Here, PDCD1 is linked to skin neoplasm.