Since the majority of the males are testosterone sufficient in the general population, CHRNA3 variants would not be associated with blood pressure in the majority of individuals in these studies, while the smaller subpopulation of patients with both hypogonadism and CHRNA3 variants would be obscured statistically and so could not reach significance in a GWAS even if they were hypertensive, unless samples were stratified according to testosterone levels. The gene discussed is CHRNA3; the disease is hypogonadism.