TGFB1 and HIV-1 infection: To elucidate the systemic kinetics of TGF-β superfamily cytokines during acute HIV-1 infection, serial samples were studied from regular plasma donors who had become infected with HIV-1 during the plasma donation time-course, which provided a unique opportunity to gain insight into the systemic changes in analyte levels during the very earliest stages of HIV-1 infection (4).