Oncogenic aberrant signaling pathways such as EGFR, MAPK, PI3k-AKT were shown to upregulate PD-L1 in lung cancers (36–38), various cytokines have shown to mediate PD-L1 expression including IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-25, IL-27 (32, 36, 39–44). Here, CD274 is linked to lung carcinoma.