The increased Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae associated with OW/OB (after controlling for either GDM or EWG) have previously been positively correlated with leptin levels (both families), maternal BMI (Lachnospiraceae), and insulin levels (Ruminococcaceae) in pregnant obese women (64), implying maternal transfer to the infant during delivery and/or lactation. This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.