PSEN1 and Alzheimer disease: Among the GSK-3β inhibitors, Tideglusib and lithium have shown improvements in AD Tg mouse models that express either four familial AD mutations (FTDP-17 G272V, P301L, and R406W, referred to as VLW mice and VLW mice overexpressing GSK-3β) (120, 121), three familial AD mutations (APP Swedish, MAPT P301L and PSEN1 M146V) (3xTg-AD) (122), AD-related mutations (APP Swedish crossed with Tau VLW) (108) or the MAPT mutation P301L alone (123).