TNF and Alzheimer disease: We have shown previously that the alterations in the brain redox state (66, 67) develop in parallel to the impaired splenic redox state, measured as an increased xanthine oxidase activity and lower total glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities, as well as in terms of pro-inflammatory (IL-10 decreased)/anti-inflammatory (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha increased) balance in leucocytes in male and female 3xTg-AD mice since the prodromal stages of the disease (93, 101).