TNF and metabolic syndrome: Exercise training also reduced the circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the LDLr–/– mice, in agreement with previous findings in animal models (Ohta et al., 2005; Fukao et al., 2010), in patients with cardiac disease (Schumacher et al., 2006) or with metabolic syndrome or obesity (Pitsavos et al., 2005; Bruun et al., 2006).